A Return to Genuine Coalition Politics: The 2024 General Election in India

MOHAN KHOUND

The 2024 Indian general election results have marked a significant shift in the country’s political landscape, heralding a new era of genuine coalition politics.

The National Democratic Alliance (NDA), led by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and the opposition bloc, Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance (INDIA), have showcased distinct dynamics reflecting the nuanced preferences of the electorate.

A Return to Genuine Coalition Politics: The 2024 General Election in India

A clear distinction emerged in the composition and performance of the two major coalitions. The BJP dominated the NDA, accounting for 80% of its seats, while the Congress Party formed just over 40% of the INDIA coalition. The number of non-aligned parties shrank to 18 seats, underscoring the increasing dominance of coalition politics in India.

In terms of performance, non-BJP members of the NDA increased their seats to 53, up from 50 in 2019, while the BJP itself saw a significant loss of over 63 seats. Meanwhile, the INDIA coalition, a restructured version of the United Progressive Alliance (UPA), saw the Congress Party’s representation rise by 80%, from 52 to 99 seats. This coalition also saw notable gains from allies like the Samajwadi Party (SP) and Trinamool Congress (TMC).

Insights from the CSDS-Lokniti post-poll survey shed light on voter behavior and the factors influencing the election results. Economic concerns, particularly unemployment and price rise, were pivotal issues for voters, especially those dissatisfied with the BJP’s governance.

While government welfare initiatives like housing, health insurance (Ayushman Bharat), and employment schemes (MNREGA) had a limited impact on voter decisions, the Public Distribution System (PDS) and Ujjwala Yojana stood out as exceptions. Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s leadership remained a significant factor, though there was a noticeable five percentage point decline in his popularity compared to 2019.

Demographic factors played a crucial role in shaping the election outcomes. The BJP enjoyed higher support among younger voters and those with greater access to education, while the Congress and its allies had a more evenly spread support base across age and education levels. The BJP maintained a stronghold among upper castes, but its reach among minority communities remained limited.

State-level performances significantly influenced the overall results. In Uttar Pradesh, Akhilesh Yadav’s SP effectively countered the BJP’s “double engine” government by focusing on bread-and-butter issues and employing a strategic caste-based approach. The BJP faced setbacks in Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and West Bengal, while making some gains in Telangana and Odisha.

Turncoat politics were evident in this election, with 168 candidates switching sides and experiencing mixed outcomes. Notable examples included Anil Antony (BJP), who lost in Kerala’s Pathanamthitta constituency; Hanuman Beniwal (INDIA), who won in Rajasthan’s Nagaur against BJP’s Jyoti Mirdha; Arjun Singh (BJP), who lost in West Bengal’s Barrackpore; and Naveen Jindal (BJP), who won in Haryana’s Kurukshetra.

The 2024 election underscored a return to coalition politics, with the BJP unable to secure a majority on its own. The NDA now faces the challenge of maintaining unity and distributing power more equitably among its allies. The Congress-led INDIA coalition’s significant gains suggest a more balanced and competitive political environment moving forward.

Voter satisfaction with the Modi government declined compared to 2019, with economic issues and perceived corruption playing significant roles in shaping voter preferences. Despite positive assessments of certain initiatives, the electorate’s concerns over inflation, unemployment, and income disparities were decisive.

Akhilesh Yadav’s success in Uttar Pradesh can be attributed to his strategic focus on caste alliances and addressing economic issues. By promoting the PDA (Pichde, Dalit, Alpsankhyak) pitch and fielding diverse candidates, Yadav effectively countered the BJP’s narrative and made significant electoral gains.

The 2024 results indicate a more fragmented and coalition-driven political landscape in India. Both major coalitions, NDA and INDIA, will need to navigate complex alliances and address the pressing economic concerns of the electorate to sustain and build their support bases in future elections.

The comprehensive overview provided here offers a detailed analysis of the key factors and outcomes of the 2024 Indian general election, highlighting the return to genuine coalition politics and the evolving dynamics of voter preferences and party strategies. This election not only reshaped the political contours but also underscored the electorate’s demand for responsive governance and economic stability.

The 2024 Indian general election marks a significant shift in the nation’s political landscape, epitomizing the revival and intensification of coalition politics. This electoral contest has drawn clear lines between the major political alliances, prominently featuring the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) led by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the newly established Indian National Developmental, Inclusive Alliance (INDIA) spearheaded by the Congress. This delineation underscores the evolving preferences of a diverse electorate, signaling a departure from past electoral dynamics.

The BJP, a dominant force within the NDA, experienced a reduction in its hold over the coalition, securing 80% of its total seats. This marks a significant contrast to its previous, more overwhelming dominance. Conversely, the Congress has seen a resurgence within the INDIA coalition, capturing over 40% of the seats, a substantial increase from its earlier performances. This shift indicates a realignment of voter trust and confidence in the Congress, potentially reshaping its role in Indian politics.

A closer look at the coalitions reveals nuanced changes. Within the NDA, non-BJP parties slightly increased their seat count, despite the BJP’s notable seat loss, highlighting a potential shift in voter allegiance within the alliance. Meanwhile, the INDIA coalition, bolstered by an 80% increase in Congress seats and gains by allies like the Samajwadi Party and Trinamool Congress, reflects a strengthened opposition front.

Voter behavior and sentiment, as analyzed in the CSDS-Lokniti post-poll survey, suggest that key issues such as unemployment and inflation played critical roles in shaping electoral outcomes. While the Modi government implemented various welfare initiatives, only a few like the Public Distribution System and Ujjwala Yojana significantly influenced voter decisions. Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s popularity, though still strong, showed signs of waning, a factor that may have influenced the BJP’s reduced seat tally.

Demographically, the BJP remained popular among younger and more educated voters, while the Congress and its allies garnered support across various age groups and educational levels. This broad base of support for the INDIA coalition suggests a shift towards more inclusive and diverse political appeal.

Regional performances also significantly influenced the overall results. In Uttar Pradesh, for instance, Akhilesh Yadav’s Samajwadi Party mounted a strong challenge to the BJP by focusing on economic issues and employing a strategic caste-based approach. However, the BJP experienced setbacks in several states like Rajasthan, Bihar, and Maharashtra but made gains in Telangana and Odisha, indicating a mixed geographical impact.

The phenomenon of turncoat politics was notably present, with numerous candidates switching parties, resulting in varied electoral fortunes. Notable examples included Anil Antony’s loss in Kerala for the BJP and Hanuman Beniwal’s victory for the INDIA coalition in Rajasthan’s Nagaur.

Overall, the 2024 election underscores a critical evolution in Indian politics, with the electorate expressing growing concerns over economic challenges and governance. The results highlight the necessity for more robust coalition dynamics within both the NDA and the INDIA alliances. As the political landscape becomes more competitive and fragmented, both alliances must navigate complex relationships and address the economic needs of their constituents effectively.

The 2024 Indian general election has been a watershed moment, revitalizing coalition politics and reflecting a more nuanced and fragmented political environment.

It underscores the electorate’s demand for effective governance and responsiveness to economic instability, setting the stage for future electoral contests and the ongoing evolution of India’s democratic processes. This comprehensive analysis reveals the dynamic interplay of voter preferences, party strategies, and the overarching need for responsive governance, shaping the trajectory of India’s political future.

06-06-2024

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